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Education in England: a brief history Introduction
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Education in England: a brief history
Glossary
Abbreviations APU Assessment of Performance Unit
BEd Bachelor of Education
CACE Central Advisory Council for Education
DES Department of Education and Science.
EAZs Education Action Zones
FE Further education
GCE General Certificate of Education
HE Higher education
ILEA Inner London Education Authority
KS Key stage LEA Local Education Authority
MSC Manpower Services Commission NAHT National Association of Head Teachers
Ofqual Office of the Qualifications and Examinations Regulator
PFI Private finance initiative
QCA Qualifications and Curriculum Authority
RC Roman Catholic
SACRE Standing Advisory Council for Religious Education
TDA Training and Development Agency for Schools
UCAS Universities and colleges admissions service
VA Voluntary aided
YTS Youth Training Scheme
Words and phrases Academies (originally called City academies). Effectively, private schools funded by the taxpayer. Announced in 2000, the first 3 opened in 2002. The government's aim is to have several hundred open by 2010. Very controversial. Agreed Syllabus syllabus for religious education adopted by an LEA as required by law. Aided schools see Faith schools. A Level Advanced Level - the exams usually taken at age 18 and often required for university entrance. Area training Organisation set up in 1947 to coordinate the provision of teacher training. Long since defunct. Assembly the name often used in schools for the collective act of worship, required by the 1988 Education 'Reform' Act to be 'mainly Christian'. Assessment of Performance Unit set up in 1974 to look at national attainment in six curriculum areas. Long since defunct. Bachelor of Education Four year degree course introduced in 1965. Banding see Pupil grouping. Black Papers a series of papers, published by traditionalists between 1969 and 1977 condemning 'progressive' education. Central Advisory Councils for Education (one for England, one for Wales). Established by the 1944 Education Act. Long since defunct. Certificate of Secondary Education introduced in 1965 for less academic children. See GCSE. Chief Education Officer the senior officer of a local authority with responsibility for education. Sometimes called Director of Education. Child-centred a style of education (promoted by the Plowden Report and followed by many primary schools until the introduction of the National Curriculum) in which the individual child's interests and discoveries largely determined curriculum content. Church of England see Faith schools. Church schools schools run by the churches - mostly CE, some RC. See Faith schools. City academies see Academies. Combined schools schools with children aged from 5 to 12 in authorities with three-tier systems. Few (if any) now left. Comprehensive school non-selective school, usually for 11-18 year olds. Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education established 1983 to set standards for initial teacher training courses. Long since defunct. Department for Education and Skills the current name of the education department. It has been changed several times since it was established in 1944: 1944 Ministry of EducationDeschoolers those who believe children should be educated at home rather than in school. Direct Grant Schools schools (mostly grammar schools) funded directly by central government. Phased out in 1970s. Education Action Zones established by 1998 School Standards and Framework Act. Eleven plus the exam for eleven year olds by which pupils were selected for grammar schools (now only used in LEAs which still operate selection at 11). Education Maintenance Allowance introduced in 1999 to promote greater take-up of post-16 education. Education Support Grants central government funds given to LEAs for specific purposes (began in 1984). Excellence in Cities three year initiative which began in 1999. Faith schools schools run by a religious group. May be independent or funded by the state. Those funded by the state are either Voluntary Aided (more faith group control, especially over religious education) or Voluntary Controlled (less faith group control). (See my article Glass in their snowballs - the faith schools debate Foundation schools the name given by the New Labour government to schools which were previously grant-maintained. Further education generally refers to non-university education for school-leavers (often vocational). See also Higher education. Further Education Funding Councils established by 1992 Further and Higher Education Act. General Certificate of Education see General Certificate of Secondary Education. General Certificate of Secondary Education the exam normally taken at age 16. Introduced in 1986 when it combined and replaced the previous GCE O Level (Ordinary Level) and the CSE. General Teaching Council established by 1998 Teaching and Higher Education Act. Grammar school selective school, usually for academic 11-18 year olds who pass the eleven plus exam. Grant-maintained schools which, under the 1988 Education 'Reform' Act, opted out of LEA control. See Foundation schools. Greater London Council created in 1964; abolished, along with ILEA, on 31 March 1986. Green Paper government consultation document. Her Majesty's Inspectorate school inspectors, still operating but much reduced in number and role since the introduction of Ofsted. Higher education degree courses, usually at universities. Higher Education Funding Councils established by 1992 Further and Higher Education Act. Independent school see Public school. Inner London Education Authority created in 1964; abolished, along with the GLC, on 31 March 1986. Key Stage the National Curriculum is divided into Key Stages - KS1 5-7 years; KS2 7-11 years; KS3 11 - 14 years; KS4 14-16 years; KS5 16-18 years. Local Management of Schools the management by schools of their budgets, introduced in the 1988 Education 'Reform' Act. London County Council replaced by Greater London Council in 1964. Maintained school a school funded by the state. Manpower Services Commission set up in 1974 to oversee the vocational training of young people. Long since defunct. Middle school school catering for 8-12 or 9-13 year olds in 'three tier' systems (usually first, middle and upper schools). Most authorities have now reverted to two-tier systems with transfer at age 11. Mixed ability see Pupil grouping. National Association of Head Teachers union for (mainly primary) head teachers. National Association of Schoolmasters/Union of Women Teachers the second largest teacher union, representing mainly teachers in secondary schools. National Council for Vocational Qualifications abolished in 1997 Education Act - see Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. National Curriculum statutory curriculum in all state schools, introduced in the 1988 Education 'Reform' Act and modified several times since. National Curriculum Council set up to manage the National Curriculum under the 1988 Education 'Reform' Act, now defunct. National Union of Teachers the largest teacher union. O Level see General Certificate of Secondary Education. Office for Standards in Education established by the 1992 Education (Schools) Act to manage privatised school inspection teams. Became the Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills in the 2006 Education and Inspections Act. Polytechnics institutions created in 1966 to provide HE and FE with a technical bias - granted university status in 1991. Postgraduate Certificate in Education a year of professional training for graduates wanting QTS. Primary school for children aged 5 to 11. Public school confusingly, this term usually refers to private schools - schools not funded by the state but for which parents pay fees. Sometimes referred to as independent schools. Pupil grouping four main types: streaming, where a class consists of pupils selected on the basis of overall ability; Qualifications and Curriculum Authority established in 1997 by the amalgamation of the National Council for Vocational Qualifications and the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority. Religious Education required by the 1988 Education 'Reform' Act to be 'mainly Christian' but to include the study of other world faiths. Roman Catholic see Faith schools. School Curriculum and Assessment Authority abolished in 1997 Education Act - see Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. School Curriculum Development Committee set up in 1984. Now defunct. School Examinations and Assessment Council set up to manage assessment arrangements under the 1988 Education 'Reform Act'. Now defunct. School Examinations Council set up in 1984. Now defunct. School leaving age the age at which children may leave full-time education. It was set at: 11 in 1893In March 2007 the government announced its intention to raise the SLA to 18, possibly in 2013. Schools' Council set up in 1964 to disseminate ideas about curricular reform in England and Wales. Abolished in 1984. Secondary school for children aged 11 to 18. Secondary modern school for children aged 11 to 16 or 18 who did not pass the eleven plus exam. (Now largely defunct). Secretary of State for Education the government minister heading the education department. (The Minister of Education until 1964). Section 11 the part of the 1966 Local Government Act which dealt with the funding of education for immigrant children. Section 28 infamous section of the 1988 Local Government Act which forbade local authorities from 'promoting teaching in any maintained school of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship'. Repealed by New Labour in November 2003. Selection the separation of children into different schools (usually at age 11) on the basis of intelligence and/or ability tests. Setting see Pupil grouping. Sixth form the traditional name (still used) for students aged 16-18 years who have taken their GCSE exams and are (usually) studying for A Levels. Standing Advisory Council for Religious Education an LEA body responsible for the conduct of religious education. Statementing the process, required by law, of creating a statement of the special educational needs of a pupil and the ways in which those needs will be met. Streaming see Pupil grouping. The Times Educational Supplement weekly publication. Task Group on Assessment and Testing produced the 1988 Black Report which set out the structure of National Curriculum tests. Teacher Training Authority established by the 1994 Education Act; replaced by the Training and Development Agency for Schools. Technical and Vocational Education Initiative launched in 1982. Long since defunct. Training and Development Agency for Schools replaced the Teacher Training Authority. Trust schools independent state schools backed by private sponsors. The 2006 Education and Inspections Act envisages all primary and secondary schools eventually becoming trust schools. Voluntary aided see Faith schools. Voluntary controlled see Faith schools. Voluntary schools see Faith schools. White Paper sets out proposals for inclusion in a government Bill. Workforce remodelling a government initiative, begun in 2003, which aimed to reduce teachers' workload by employing more unqualified classroom assistants. Youth Training Scheme set up in 1983. Long since defunct. 
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