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Plowden (1967) Notes on the text Volume 1 (page numbers in brackets) Preliminary pages (i-xxii)
Part 1 Introduction
Part 2 The growth of the child
Part 3 The home, school and neighbourhood
Part 4 The structure of primary education
Part 5 The children in the schools: curriculum and internal organisation
Part 6 The adults in the schools
Part 7 Independent schools
Part 8 Primary school buildings and equipment; status; and research
Part 9 Conclusions and recommendations
Notes (486-495)
Research and Surveys about Plowden |
The Plowden Report (1967)
A Report of the Central Advisory Council for Education (England) London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1967
[page 537] Advanced course: Course in a university or university department of education leading usually to a higher degree, or diploma designed to equip experienced teachers for more responsible posts. Adviser: A specialist employed by a local education authority to advise the authority and teachers on the organisation and teaching of a special subject or stage of education. Advisory Teachers: Peripatetic advisers employed by some local education authorities to work beside teachers in the classroom. AEG: Association of Education Committees. Agreed Syllabus: Syllabus of religious instruction agreed between representatives of a local education authority, religious denominations and teachers. Aided School: A voluntary school whose managers are responsible for repairs to the exterior of the building, and for capital expenditure for alterations required by the local education authority to bring the premises up to the standards of the Building Regulations. All running costs are met by the authority; capital costs of improvement and repair to external fabric are eligible for 75 per cent Exchequer grant. The managers have substantial rights in the appointment and dismissal of teachers and in the giving of denominational religious education. One third of the managers are appointed by the local education authority. Aides, Teachers': Trained ancillaries who it is suggested will give substantial help to teachers inside and outside the classroom. All-Age School: A school containing pupils of both primary and secondary ages. AMC: Association of Municipal Corporations. Ancillary/Auxiliary: A paid worker who is not a qualified teacher and who assists in the school in any capacity. ATCDE: Association of Teachers in Colleges and Departments of Education. ATO: Area Training Organisation. A grouping of colleges and departments of education, usually called an institute of education, but sometimes a school of education. All but one are part of a university. They vary in structure but all are concerned to integrate the facilities in their area for training teachers; to oversee the academic content of the training course: to examine all candidates for the initial qualification for teaching (teachers' certificate or teachers' diploma) and to recommend them to the Department of Education and Science for the status of qualified teacher. They provide courses and conferences for serving teachers, organise research and bring together for various purposes the staffs and students of the institutions included in the organisation. BEd: Degree of Bachelor of Education. A degree in education proposed by the Committee on Higher Education to be awarded after a four year course (see paragraph 978). Building Programme: A list of projects on which the Department will allow building to start in a particular financial year. The total value of the programme is determined in advance according to the predicted educational demands and the capital investment available, and allocations are made to local education authorities as far in advance as possible, to enable them to begin planning. Burnham Committee: (properly the Burnham Primary and Secondary Committee). A committee consisting of representatives of teachers, local education authorities and the Secretary of State for Education and Science, which negotiates teachers' salaries. Capitation Allowance: Annual allowance allocated by local education authorities in respect of each pupil for expenditure by schools on consumable materials, equipment, books and the like. Child Guidance Clinic: Centre run by local authority or other agency to treat maladjustment and allied handicaps in children. Children's Centre: A grouping of nursery groups with day nurseries or clinics (see paragraph 311). CLASP: A consortium of local education authorities cooperating in the design and building of schools and in the design and marketing of school furniture and equipment. Community School: see Chapter 4, paragraph 121. [page 538] Comprehensive School: A secondary school intended to cater for the secondary education of all the pupils in an area, organised as a whole and not in clearly defined grammar, modem and technical sides. Following Circular 10/65, local education authorities are reorganising secondary education in their areas on comprehensive lines. Concurrent Course: Teacher training course in which academic and professional studies are followed at the same time. Consecutive Course: Courses of professional education which follow academic studies for graduates and holders of other specified qualifications. Controlled School: A voluntary school for which the local education authority is financially responsible. The authority appoints two thirds of the managers as compared with one third in aided schools. Although controlled schools follow the Agreed Syllabus (q.v.) parents may opt for not more than two periods a week of denominational instruction. Teachers necessary to give this denominational instruction - 'reserved teachers' - may be appointed for the purpose. Cost Limit: The upper limit of costs for a building project, calculated from published standard formulae (which take account of the requirements of the different sizes and types of school) and prescribed for the project before it is included in a building programme. County School: School which is built, maintained and staffed by the local education authority. Its full cost falls on public funds. Critical Periods: see Chapter 2, paragraph 25. CSE: Certificate of Secondary Education. A subject examination taken at the end of a five year course of secondary education. Day Nursery: Establishment under the control of health authorities where children under five can be left while parents are at work and for attendance at which fees may be paid. DES: Department of Education and Science. (Originally the Board of Education, until 1945, and Ministry of Education, 1945 to 1964). Direct Grant School: School receiving maintenance grants directly from the Exchequer in return for which 25 per cent of its places are offered free mainly through the local education authority to pupils who have attended a maintained school for not less than two years. The remainder of the places may be available for fee payers, except that a further 25 per cent must be made available to the authority if they wish to take them up. Educational Priority Areas: (EPAs): Areas to be designated by the Secretary of State as in need of special provision because of a high incidence of educational deprivation (see paragraph 151). Eleven Plus: (11+): The conventional term used to cover the techniques (e.g. attainment or intelligence tests) which a local education authority may use to allocate pupils leaving primary schools at or about the age of 11 to different types of secondary education. ESN: Educationally subnormal. Slow learning (see paragraph 849). EWO: Education Welfare Officer. An officer employed by local education authority on school attendance and welfare work (see paragraph 217). Family Grouping: see Vertical classification. First School: Term to be used for a school for the five to eight year age group. Form Entry: The number of classes admitted in a year. GCE: General Certificate of Education. A subject examination normally taken at the end of a five year course of secondary education ('Ordinary Level') and at the end of a seven year course ('Advanced Level'). Government, Articles of: Regulations covering the conduct of a secondary school. Governors: Members of a governing body of a secondary school. Graded Post: A post of responsibility which carries an allowance additional to the basic salary scale. Graduate Teacher: A teacher holding a university degree. Teachers holding certain other professional qualifications are recognised for salary purposes as 'graduate equivalent'. Graduate teachers may or may not have received a year's professional training, for which they receive a diploma or certificate in education. [page 539] Hadow Reports: Reports of the Consultative Committee under the Chairmanship of Sir Henry Hadow. They were: The Education of the Adolescent (1926), the Primary School (1931) and Infant and Nursery Schools (1933). Handicapped: Child suffering from mental or physical handicap and in need of special educational treatment. Health Service, School: The service through which a local education authority meet their statutory obligation to arrange for the medical examination and medical treatment where necessary, of children in school. Health Visitor: State Registered Nurse with obstetrical experience who takes an additional year of study leading to the Certificate of the Council for the Training of Health Visitors (see paragraph 204). Helper: see Ancillary. HMI: Her Majesty's Inspector of Schools. IAPS: Incorporated Association of Preparatory Schools. An association of schools consisting of preparatory schools recognised as efficient. ILEA: Inner London Education Authority. Independent School: A school which is not supported out of public funds, providing primary or secondary education or both (see also Registered and Recognised). Infant: Literally, a child who cannot speak. Child between 5 and 7 or 8 years receiving education. In health service a child over six months. At common law, a person who has not reached the day before his 21st birthday. Infant School: School or department for children from five to seven or eight (see First School). In-Service Training: Courses of further training Which teachers undertake while in service, provided by the DES, local education authorities, colleges, institutes or departments of education and Which vary in length from one day to a year or more. Institute of Education: see ATO lQ: Intelligence Quotient (see paragraph 56). ITA: Independent Television Authority. ita: Initial Teaching Alphabet. Alphabet invented by Sir James Pitman designed to help children more quickly over the first stages of learning to read (see paragraph 589). Joint Four: The Joint Four Secondary Associations (the Incorporated Associations of Head Masters, the Association of Head Mistresses, Assistant Masters Association, Association of Assistant Mistresses). Junior School: School for children from seven to twelve. JMI: Junior Mixed and Infant School. A coeducational school for children from five to twelve. Junior-Secondary: Initial course which provides training for teachers in either junior or secondary schools. LCC: London County Council. LEA: County or County Borough Council with responsibility for education in its area. LHA: Local Health Authority. LHA: Local Housing Authority. LPA: Local Planning Authority. Main Course: Part of the teacher training course reserved for the students' personal education, in which one or two subjects are studied in depth. Maintained School: A county or voluntary school maintained by a local education authority. Major Work: A building project costing more than £20,000. Management, Rules of: Rules made by an LEA for the conduct of primary schools, maintained or voluntary. Rules are administered by a Managing Body of not less than six members who are representative of the various interests concerned with the school and appointed according to the terms of an Instrument of Management. [page 540] Managers: Members of the managing body of a primary school. Mature Students: Late entrants to teacher training who are 25 and over. Middle School: A school for children aged 8 to 12 (or 9 to 13). Minor Work: Building project costing less than £20,000. MoH: Ministry of Health. MHLG: Ministry of Housing and Local Government. NAIEO: National Association of Inspectors and Educational Organisers. NAS: National Association of School Masters. National Survey: 1964 National Survey of Parental Attitudes and Circumstances Related to School and Pupil Characteristics, 1966. Survey commissioned by the Council and reported in Appendices 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 and Chapters 3 and 4. National Survey of Child Health and Development: Longitudinal study of 5,000 children born in March 1946 and followed up through their school career and beyond. NCDS: National Child Development Study (1958 Cohort). Multi-disciplinary follow-up study of a group of children in the 1958 Perinatal Mortality Survey which studied 17,000 babies born during a week in March in 1958. Reported in Appendix 10. NFER: National Foundation for Educational Research (see paragraph 1154). NNEB: National Nursery Examination Board. A central examining body which grants certificates for nursery nurse work and similar types of employment. Norm: Mean or median score for an age group of a representative population in an intelligence or attainment test. Nuffield Foundation: An independent trust which has sponsored research and development in various fields. Currently sponsoring projects in French, mathematics and science in primary schools in collaboration with the Schools Council. Nursery Assistant: Trained person assisting qualified teachers in nursery school, class or group holding a certificate of NNEB (q.v.). Nursery Centre: A unit comprising two or three nursery groups. Nursery Class: Class attached to primary school for children aged three to five with up to a maximum of 30 places. Nursery Group: A unit, not exceeding 20 places, to provide nursery education for children from three to five. Nursery School: School providing education for children from two to five. NUS: National Union of Students. NUT: National Union of Teachers. Observation Register: (see Chapter 7, paragraph 215). Occasional Teacher: A teacher for whom no qualifications are prescribed and who may be employed only in an emergency, or part-time to meet some special need. Oversized Classes: Classes containing more pupils than laid down in the Department's Regulations, that is 30 for nursery classes in primary schools or for senior pupils in all-age schools, 40 in other primary schools and 30 in secondary schools. Pre-School Play Groups: Voluntary part-time play groups for children under five. Primary School: School at present catering for children under 12. Probationary Year: First year of service in a maintained school during which a teacher is required to prove his practical efficiency on which depends the grant of recognition as a qualified teacher. The period of probation may be extended. PTA: Parent-Teacher Association. Voluntary association of the parents and teachers of a school. Pupil-Teacher Ratio: Average number of pupils to a teacher in a school or an area or the country as a whole. Qualified Teacher: Teacher who has successfully completed a course of training in a college of education or university department of education, has been awarded a teacher's certificate and granted qualified teacher (QT) status by the DES. A graduate without professional training can be granted QT status. [page 541] Quota: A system designed to alleviate maldistribution of teachers. LEAs are assigned by the DES a total number of full-time teachers for staffing their schools which they are not expected to exceed. RE: Religious Education. (called 'Religious Instruction' (RI) in Education Act, 1944). Recognised as Efficient: All independent schools must be registered by the DES which lays down certain minimum standards. Schools can apply to be 'recognised as efficient' under the Department's Rules 16. Such recognition is only granted to schools achieving much more stringent standards. Registered: see Recognised as Efficient. Rising Fives: Children who start school at the beginning of the term in which they reach the age of five. The statutory age of entry to schools is the beginning of the term after the child's fifth birthday. Schools Council for the Curriculum and Examinations: A body set up in 1964 jointly by local authority and teacher associations and the Department of Education and Science. School Leaving Age: Date at which compulsory education ends, at present the Easter or Summer after a pupil's 15th birthday. The leaving age is to be raised to 16 in 1970-71. Secondary School: School at present catering for children over eleven. Selective School: School for which pupils can be selected, usually at 11 plus, on the grounds that they would benefit from a more academic education than is provided in non-selective schools. Setting: Division of an age group into different groups or sets for some subjects according to ability. Short Courses: Residential courses from 4 to 14 days duration for serving teachers organised by the DES. Shortened Courses: In specially approved cases students in training for teaching may, by virtue of age, education or experience, be allowed to complete their course in less than the normal three years. Special Educational Treatment: Educational treatment provided for handicapped children in special schools, or classes or ordinary classes as appropriate. SSRC: Social Science Research Council. A body set up in 1966 following the recommendations of the Heyworth Committee on Social Studies. Streaming: Grouping of children in an age group according to ability. SRN: State Registered Nurse. Supplementary Courses: Courses designed to give a year of further training to experienced teachers who have had a two-year course of initial training only. Teaching Practice: Periods of practical teaching in schools undertaken by students during their training. Can be either 'block practice' in which a substantial period of time is spent in the school or 'group practice' in which students make intermittent visits to schools during the college course and usually work with small groups of children rather than the whole class. Team Teaching: Method of teaching developed in the USA by which teams of teachers of varying skills and experience are organised within a school with responsibility for groups of children up to two hundred. Temporary Teacher: Unqualified teacher with at least five GCE O Levels or equivalent whose employment has to be approved by the Secretary of State. Approval is normally given for two years and then renewed, if necessary, at yearly intervals. UDE: University Department of Education. Department of a university providing postgraduate course of professional teacher training. Unit Totals: A figure determined by the number of pupils in different age groups in a school, which is used to calculate allowances for heads, deputy heads and other holders of posts of responsibility. Vertical Classification: Form of grouping found mainly in infant schools in which a class extends over two or three age groups. Voluntary School: A school which can be built by a voluntary body, for example, a denomination, but which is maintained by an LEA (see Aided and Controlled Schools). 
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