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Hadow (1926)

(page numbers in brackets)

Notes on the text
Preliminary pages (i-xxiv)
Membership, Analysis, Preface, Introduction
Chapter I (1-35)
Post-primary education in England and Wales 1800-1918
Chapter II (36-69)
The facts of the present situation
Chapter III (70-100)
The lines of advance
Chapter IV (101-111)
Curricula for Modern Schools and Senior Classes
Chapter V (112-121)
The place of 'bias' in the curriculum
Chapter VI (122-131)
Staffing and equipment
Chapter VII (132-139)
Admission of children to Modern Schools and Senior Schools
Chapter VIII (140-149)
The lengthening of school life
Chapter IX (150-154)
The question of a leaving examination
Chapter X (155-171)
Administrative problems
Chapter XI (172-188)
Conclusions, recommendations, notes of reservation
Suggestions (188-247)
on the curriculum
Appendix I (248-261)
List of witnesses
Appendix II (262-280)
Notes on nomenclature
Appendix III (281-288)
Statistics relating to Chapter II pt. ii
Appendix IV (288-313)
Post-primary education abroad
Appendix V (313-322)
List of publications
Index (323-339)

The Hadow Report (1926)
The Education of the Adolescent

London: HM Stationery Office

[page 323]

INDEX

PAGE
Academic bias83
Accommodation, provision of (see also Buildings)56, 69, 91
Accuracy104
Acts
    Peel's Factory Act 18021
    Grammar Schools Act 1840269
    Elementary Education Act 187014, 18, 38, 140, 263
    Education (Scotland) Act 187238
    Elementary Education Act 187616-17
    Elementary Education Act 188017, 141
    Intermediate Education Act (Wales) 188920, 269
    Technical instruction Act 188920, 157, 160
    Elementary Education Act 189123
    Technical Instruction Act 1891157, 160
    Board of Education Act 189925, 157, 267
    Elementary Education Act 1900141
    Education Act 190226, 27, 156-7, 160-1, 265
    Education (Administrative Provisions) Act 1907147, 159
    Education Act 191833, 41, 50, 75, 141-2, 156-7, 161, 164
    Education (Scotland) Act 191839
    Education Act 192148, 50-3, 75, 142, 147, 160-3, 165-6, 169, 263-4, 267, 270
Administrative
    action72
    problems153
    recommendations164-5
Adolescence
    distribution of adolescent population46, 51
    early efforts to provide for suitable education during4
    needs of children entering on and passing through36, 71, 76, 94
    protection during146, 149
    supervision by headteachers during91
    transition from childhood into74
    views of witnesses on education during72-3
Advanced Divisions (Scotland)40
Advanced instruction, courses of
    accommodation for56
    development of36, 49, 53-4
    provision for in education act 191834, 52, 285
    organisation and provision of55-6
    statistical data regarding8, 51-2
    see also Courses of advanced instruction

[page 324]

Age
    mental and chronological71
    of entry to junior technical schools66
Agricultural colleges130, 153
Agriculturalists, views of116
Agriculture109, 119, 121, 125
Algebra215, 217
Apparatus and equipment
    encouragement to pupils in devising218, 223
    general131
    geographical205-6
    historical203
    see also Equipment and apparatus
Applied art - see Drawing
Arithmetic (see also Mathematics)216
Arnold, Matthew7, 10
Art
    clubs, school228
    courses in appreciation of114, 229
    schools128
Artistic industries69
Association of Assistant Mistresses74
Association of Directors and Secretaries of Education73, 84, 95
Association of Headmistresses74
Association of Municipal Corporations81, 92, 163
Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions66
Association of Teachers of Physical Training189
Association of Technical Institutions66
Astronomy222
Atlases205
Attainment
    advance in106
    consolidation of124
    differences marked at age of 11 or 1274
    leaving certificate as 'hall-mark' of151
Attendance - see School life
Austria38, 295
Backward children - see Slow and backward children
Belgium
    courses in rural studies in130
    post-primary education in297
Bellairs, Rev HW8-9
Bent106
Bias
    definition of practical121
    double114
    existing practice in matter of112-4

[page 325]

    introduction of86, 114, 117, 119, 121
    witnesses views upon114-9
    see also Commercial bias, Industrial bias and Rural bias
Biology222, 224
Birth rate50, 144
Blair, Sir Robert155
Board of Education
    administrative divisions of155, 158
    enquiries in connection with courses of advanced instruction48, 285
    establishment of25
    initiation of examining boards by153
    inspectorate158
    Ministry of Agriculture and130
    statistics of47
Bookkeeping112-3, 118
Books (see also Libraries and Textbooks)203, 207, 236
Boroughs and Urban Districts56, 157, 160
Botany224
Bradford60
British and Foreign School Society2, 5, 277
British Bee Keepers' Association130
British history - see History
Broadcasting242
Building trades66, 120
Buildings
    availability out of school hours247
    cost and simplification of91
    extension of school life and144, 148
    necessity of additional91
    the art room230
    the geography room205
    the modern foreign language room214
    the practical instruction rooms103, 131, 231
    the science laboratory131
Burgerschule - see Prussia
Cabinet making69, 120
Cambridge, University of153
Carnarvonshire51, 58, 163
Central Classes (see also Central School)53-4, 264
Central Departments80
Central Schools
    alleged effect on secondary schools81, 162
    bias in67-8, 112-3
    development of44

[page 326]

    for girls112
    in London and Manchester31-2, 211
    in seaboard towns113
    non-selective, existing types53-4, 57
    note on264
    provision of by local education authorities55
    selective, existing types53-4, 57
    see also Non-selective Central Schools and Selective Central Schools
Certificated teachers126
Certificates, intermediate (Scottish) (see also Leaving Certificates)39
Charity Commission25, 157
Chemical and soap manufacturers115
Chemistry118, 225
Cholmeley, Mr RF73, 78
Choral singing239
Chrestomatic scheme5
Cinematograph207
Circulars, of Board of Education
    1350 (Organisation of Public Elementary Schools)75
    1353 (Infant Care and Management)225
    1365 (Rural Education)129, 237
Citizenship and civics196
Classes primaires - see France
Cockerton Ruling 1900 and Judgements 1901 (see also Higher Elementary Schools)26, 274
Cocoa and chocolate manufacturers115
College of Preceptors150, 152
Commerce110, 121, 125
Commercial bias68, 112-3, 210
Commercial School6, 278
Commissions and Committees, etc, Reports of Official
    Royal Commission of 1858-6110
    Schools Inquiry Commission 1864-6812, 13, 24, 267
    Royal Commission on Technical Instruction 1882-8419
    The Cross Commission 1886-8817, 21, 267
    Royal Commission on Secondary Education 1894-9523-25
    Consultative Committee on Higher Elementary Schools 190629
    Consultative Committee on Attendance Compulsory or Otherwise at Continuation Schools 190941
    Poor Law Commission 1905-0941, 143
    Departmental Committee on Juvenile Education in Relation to Employment after the War 191741, 141, 143
    Ministry of Reconstruction - Employment during the War and after 191841, 143
    Departmental Committee on Scholarships and Free Places 192079
    Consultative Committee's Report on Psychological Tests of Educable Capacity 192471

[page 327]

Competition, between Secondary and other types of Post-Primary School81
Completion of course82
Composition
    English192
    French (or other modern foreign language)213
Constructive interests108
Continuation School270
Continued education111, 114, 149, 237
Cookery118, 235
Co-operation
    between Board of Education and Ministry of Agriculture130
    between local education authorities161-4
    between local education authorities and voluntary organisations170
    between teachers and employers116
Co-operative activities231
Corporate activities125, 246
Counties50, 143, 157, 160
County Boroughs50, 56, 157, 160
Courses of Advanced Instruction
    in new post-primary schools86-7, 125
    initiation by head teachers of125
    period required for satisfactory49, 140, 145
    witnesses' views upon110
    see also Curriculum and Post-primary schools
Crafts110, 229, 233
Craftsmanship65, 128, 234
Craftsmen - see Teachers
Cramming137
Curriculum
    development of a 'realistic'85, 101, 118
    effect of leaving examination on87, 150
    in Junior Commercial Schools68
    in Junior Technical Schools65, 68
    in new post-primary schools82-4, 102, 125, 188
    in Scottish Advanced Divisions40
    local colouring in107, 119
    overcrowding in104
    specialisation in109-10
    suggestions on teaching various subjects of188-247
    unification of104, 110
Czechoslovakia298
Davies, Mr Salter73, 78, 156, 157
Davies, Sir Walford240
Dawson Mr AJ275
Day schools - use of for evening schools247

[page 328]

Day Technical Classes33, 279
Day Trade Schools32, 65-6, 79, 85, 272, 279
Debates191
Degrees - possession of by teachers127
Design229
Devonport113
Dialect191
Distributing firms116
Distribution of adolescent population46
Dockyards, Royal113
Domestic courses for girls
    in Day Technical Classes279
    in Urban Central Schools113
    teachers in124
Domestic Economy School279
Dorsetshire62
Dramatic work191
Drawing and applied art222, 226
Dress making120
Dual control156, 166
Durham County61, 275
East Midlands Educational Union152
Écoles primaires supérieures - see France
Economic conditions - effect on school life of50-1, 82
Economic history201
Education
    of the adolescent in foreign countries37, 295-313
    progress of42, 142
    regrading of70, 76, 94, 96, 140
    stages in36, 72, 74, 76, 92, 97-8
    see also Elementary education, Higher education, Post-primary education, Primary education, Secondary education, Secondary and elementary education
Education Department, The16, 17, 157
Educational
    administration36, 96, 155-162, 164
    law96, 141, 155
    opinion72
    organisation72, 74-5, 79, 89, 144
    terminology94
    visits209
Educational Handwork Association, The189
Education other than elementary - see Higher education
Electricity222
Elementary education36, 43, 72, 76, 95, 155, 165, 263, 266
Elementary education - primary grade96

[page 329]

Elementary education - secondary grade96
Elementary Schools16, 42, 48, 80, 96, 147, 263
Employees - requirements looked for in115
Employers
    and school records150
    evidence on vocational bias by115
Employment47, 141, 143, 145, 147
Endorsement of leaving certificate154
Endowed Schools Commission277
Engineering66-7, 113, 119-20
Engineering firms115
Engineers128
English, treatment in curriculum190
English history - see History
Entrance tests to post-primary schools55, 132-9
Environment, curriculum and109, 118-9, 222
Equipment and apparatus
    for practical instruction232, 235
    for science220, 223
    general131
see also Apparatus and equipment.
Eurythmics242
Evening classes
    effect on of teaching modern foreign language in post-primary schools211
    use of day schools for247
Examinations
    academic151, 153
    desirability of compulsory entrance138-9
    in practical subjects154
    standardisation in marking in134
    stimulus caused by151
    used for determining admission to existing post-primary schools135
    see also First school examinations, Free place examination, Leaving examinations, Matriculation examination, Oral examinations, Preliminary examinations
Examining boards153
Exchange of teachers213
Farm institutes - see Agricultural colleges
First School Examination86, 127, 139, 150-1-2
Fletcher, Mr WC81
Foreign language - see Modern foreign language
Formulae, in mathematics217, 219
France37, 299
Fraser, Rev J (afterwards Bishop of Manchester)13, 276
Free Place Examination75, 133, 135, 137

[page 330]

Free Places
    system44
    to secondary schools from modern schools139
French85, 112, 211, 213
Games (see also Corporate activities)125, 213, 243, 245
Gardening226, 237
Gardens, school237
General education
    in new post-primary schools84-5
    in relation to bias119
General hygiene225
Generalisations in history teaching195, 202
Geographical Association, The189
Geography
    importance of204
    qualification of teachers of204
    treatment of208
Geology223
Geometrical and mechanical drawing217, 228
Geometry215, 217
German211
Girls, importance of learning to use tools232
Girls' Public Day School Company276
Gower Walk Free (Industrial) School3
Graduate teachers126-7
Grammar194
Grammar Schools
    and the proposed leaving examination154
    as part of recommended nomenclature95, 99
    Note on268
    see also Secondary Schools
Gramophones214, 239, 241
Grants, State3, 11, 23
Grouping of older pupils43
Gymnasia244
Gymnastic training for boys schools other than elementary244
Hallam, Mr JH73, 84
Handicrafts232
Handwork233
Harmonisation240
Head Teachers
    qualifications desirable125
    recommendation of pupils by137
Hersley, Thomas276
Heuristic, method of teaching221
High School276

[page 331]

Higher education47, 155, 157, 160, 165, 265
Higher Elementary Schools26, 28, 30, 54, 130, 156, 271
Higher Grade Elementary Schools17, 22, 23, 54, 271, 274
Higher Grade Schools - Scotland39
Higher (or Upper) Tops44, 53, 57, 80, 275
High Schools276
Historical Association, The189
History195
Holborn Trade School for Girls279
Home management236
Honour Certificates - see Scholarships and Free Places
Hornsey62
Horticulture238
Housecraft113, 234, 236
House of Commons72, 74, 144, 148, 210
Housewifery235
Hygiene118, 222, 224
Illustrations203, 206, 214
Imperial history - see History
Individual teaching43
Individual work92, 103
Industrial bias66, 112-3, 123, 229, 232
Industrial conditions, effect on school life50
Industrial districts, science courses in223
Industrial training, Rev HW Bellairs on9
Industry
    entry of children into145
    extension of school life and144
    school and41, 121, 125
    specialist teachers from128
Institute of Mechanical Engineers67
Intellectual development136
Interest
    creation and development of104, 106, 118, 204
    practical instruction and117
Intermediate Schools39, 53, 57, 269
Journeys, school - see Educational visits
Junior Art Departments69, 120, 279
Junior Commercial Schools and Classes68, 278
Junior secondary education96
Junior Technical Schools33, 48, 64, 79, 85, 120-1, 271, 279
Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir James8

[page 332]

Laboratories - see Buildings
Lancashire63, 160
Lancaster National School15
Lantern slides (see also Cinematograph)206
Late development93
Laundrywork118, 235
League of Nations203
Leaving age - see School life
Leaving certificates150, 154
Leaving examinations
    effect on curricula87, 150
    recommendations in connection with151-3
    types of152
    witnesses' views upon150
Leeds63
Leicester61, 90-1
Leisure110, 114
Letter-writing192
Libraries, school (see also Municipal and County Libraries)194, 214, 226, 241
Light, heat and sound222
Ling Association, The189
Literature192
Local Education Authorities
    administration by96, 157
    arrangements for conducting entrance examinations to post-primary schools139
    arrangements for transfer of children at 1190
    consultative committees of159
    co-operation between161
    duties in respect of advanced instruction75
    extension of leaving age in areas of certain143
    leaving examinations and153
    provision of courses of advanced instruction by47, 49-50, 52, 54-5, 94
    provision of Junior Technical Schools65
    regrading of schools by75
    views on lengthening of school life143-4
    views on 'marking time'43
Local industries and occupations66, 114, 118, 119
Local organisations and clubs125
London (see also Central Schools)31, 49, 50, 56, 60, 65, 112, 127
London Central School of Arts and Crafts69
London Chamber of Commerce150, 152
Lowestoft113
Lycée - see France

[page 333]

Machinery, occupations involving65
M'Kenna, the Rt Hon R135
Maintenance allowances147
Managers169, 170
Manchester31
Manchester Church Education Society6
Manual instruction20
Maps203, 205, 208, 214
Marking time42-3, 101, 118
Mathematical knowledge, need for215
Mathematics117, 214
Matriculation examination67, 151
Mechanics222-223
Medici Society203
Memory drawing228
Mensuration215, 218
Merit Certificate - see Scotland
Metallurgy222
Metalwork117, 232
Meteorology222
Middle Schools5, 64, 276
Millinery120
Mining areas109, 119
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries128, 130
Misfits139
Mistakes246
Mittelschule - see Prussia
Mixed schools and classes91
Models, construction of218
Modern foreign language
    in Junior Technical Schools67
    in London Central Schools112
    in new post-primary schools85, 88, 210, 213
    teachers of123, 129, 212
Modern Schools
    and the First School Examination154
    bias in112-121
    curriculum in101-111
    definition of95-6, 100
    use of term in schemes of Charity Commission277
Modern social and economic life125
Mothercraft225
Municipal and County Libraries194
Museums and art galleries203, 229
Music114, 238
National Poultry Association130
National Society Schools2, 5, 277
National Union of Teachers73, 90, 184

[page 334]

Nature study221
Needlecraft118, 223
Newcastle-under-Lyme High School276
Newspapers, foreign288
New Zealand, Dominion of214
Nomenclature93, 155, 262
Non-graduate teachers 127
Non-provided schools (see also Dual control)15, 166, 169
Non-selective Central Schools
    existing types53-4
    nomenclature of96
    type recommended79
Normal Schools - see Middle Schools
Nottingham High School276
Nunn, Professor T Percy72, 76
Object drawing228
Observation227
Occupations42, 83, 107, 109, 113, 119, 121, 125, 146
Office routine112
Ontario, Province of289
Oral examinations133, 136, 139
Orchestras, school241
Organised Science School - see School of science
Oswestry National School15
Oxford, University of153
Parallel forms88
Parents
    and commercial training68
    and corporate activities247
    and education42, 51, 77, 94, 109, 142
    and extension of school life51, 145-6-7
Part-time education - see Continued education
Percy, Lord Eustace - see President of Board of Education
Personal hygiene224
Phonetics191
Physical education243
Physical training242
Physics221
Physiography221
Physiology222, 224
Pictures - see Illustrations
Playing fields246, 247
Plymouth113
Poetry192
Portsmouth113

[page 335]

Post-primary education
    definition of the term71
    foreign and colonial developments in37
    historical data regarding6-35
    problem of36, 40, 45, 47, 52, 57
    proportion of children capable of profiting by44
    provision of by Local Education Authorities47, 54, 98
    public demand for44
    recommendations in connection with70, 77
    types of school required78
    witnesses' views upon72-3-4
    see also Advanced instruction
Post-primary schools
    aim of123
    as training ground for future teachers126
    courses in86-7, 125
    curriculum in83, 87, 188
    equipment in131
    establishment of82, 88
    non-provided167
Practical bias85, 121, 128
Practical instruction
    appeal and significance of84, 117
    as defined in the Education Act 192134, 230
    co-ordination with courses in science221, 225, 235, 237
    encouragement of92, 218
    examination in the various branches of154
    in new post-primary schools83-4, 88-9, 103-4, 108, 231
Practical work rooms - see Buildings
Preliminary 'weeding out' examinations133-4, 139
Preparatory Department275
Preparatory School273
President of Board of Education144, 168
Primary education42, 44, 71, 74, 95, 96, 273
Primary Schools
    adjustment of work of with post-primary schools41, 89
    geography in207
    historical data regarding1-6
    history in197
    mathematics in217
    music in239
    nomenclature regarding95
    note on273
Private commercial schools and business colleges68
Private reading193
Private Schools280
Prussia13, 38, 305
Psychological tests of intelligence133, 137, 139
Public Elementary Schools155, 157, 163, 263
Public opinion99, 149

[page 336]

Qualifying examinations - see Preliminary examinations
Reading110, 203
Realistic education and bias85, 101
Realschulen (see also Prussia)100
Records, school138, 150, 154
Regulations
    the Lowe Code 186211
    for further education66, 67, 278
    for secondary schools22, 66, 71, 131, 133, 159, 268, 273
    for technical schools67, 271, 279
    for training of teachers129
Religious knowledge and instruction168, 189
Retarded development71
Royal Horticultural Society130
Royal Society of Arts150, 152
Rural bias116, 119, 128, 210
Rural schools
    courses for teachers in129, 130, 221
    imparting 'local colour' to curriculum in107
    'marking time' in43
    organisation of43, 91
    practical instruction in232, 235
    science courses in223
    specialist teaching in92
    teachers in123, 128
Rural studies, courses in Belgium in130
Rutland59, 60, 91
St Gallen, Canton - see Switzerland
Salaries of teachers in post-primary schools127, 130
Scarborough113
School Boards14, 53, 140
School life
    effect of a bias on118
    effect of a leaving examination on151
    effects of existing provision for advanced instruction on50
    historical data regarding140-1
    in London Central Schools51
    reasons for recommending compulsory extension of140, 145-6
    statistical comments on50, 141
    tendency to lengthen42, 50, 77, 83, 142
School of Science18, 272
Schools Inquiry Commission - see Commissions
Schools, statistical data of attendance at various types of46, 51
Schools of Industry3
Science117, 220

[page 337]

Science and Art Department14, 24, 25, 157, 272, 274
Schola grammaticalis268
Scotland23, 38
Scottish Education Department39
Second Examination - see Free Place Examination
Secondary and elementary education19, 22
Secondary education
    common use of term95, 97
    expansion and effect of44
    note on266
    recommended definition and use of term71, 95
Secondary Schools
    differentiation with other post-primary schools86-88
    alleged effect on by Central Schools81, 162
    need for development of77, 79, 80, 82
    nomenclature recommended95
    note on266
    proportion of children to be transferred to80
    school life in83, 147
    statistical data48, 81
Sekundarschule - see Switzerland
Selective Central Schools
    courses in77
    existing types53
    nomenclature recommended95
    type required79
    use of Free Place Examination in determining entrants to135
Senior Classes
    definition of96, 100
    development of88, 92
    type required79
Senior Schools43, 55, 275
Senior Standard Schools22, 54, 57
Shipbuilding66
Shoreditch Junior Technical School32, 69, 279
Shorthand112, 113, 114, 118
Sick nursing118
Sight reading239, 240
Size of classes56, 92, 214
Skill, attainment of108
Slow and backward children89
Smith, Mr JC38
Social activities - see Corporate activities
Social history199, 201
Societies, local125
Solo playing238
Solo singing238
Songs213, 239, 241
South Africa, Union of - see Transvaal
Spanish211

[page 338]

Specialisation84, 103, 110, 120
Specialist teachers103, 126, 128
Speech training190
Staff
    appointment and selection of92, 124, 171
    assistant teachers124, 126
    extension of school leaving age and144, 148
    head teachers124
    in Modern Schools and Senior Classes103, 131
    note on existing arrangements123-4
    specialist teachers126, 128
Stimulus caused by leaving examination151
Supplementary courses for teachers129
Survey work208
Sweden308
Switzerland13, 310
Tastes of pupils, differences in106
Teachers
    and corporate activities246
    assistant126
    certificated126
    conferences between103
    craftsmen as128
    exchange of213
    graduate122, 126-7
    head124
    non-graduate127
    of domestic subjects124
    of geography204
    of history202
    of modern foreign languages68, 123, 129, 212
    of music238
    of practical subjects130, 212
    of physical training245
    probationary period of graduate non-trained127
    salaries of in new post-primary schools127, 130
    sources of supply126-7, 212
    supplementary courses for129
    visiting123
    witnesses' regarding122
Teachers Registration Council159
Technical Colleges128, 153
Terminology - see Nomenclature
Textile manufacturers115
Textile trades109
Third year courses128, 212
Time chart203
Trade Schools - see Day Trade Schools

[page 339]

Trades Union Congress74
Training Colleges and Departments123, 126, 128, 129
Transfer
    between different post-primary schools89, 93, 139
    of children at 11+55, 75, 80, 89, 90
    of children remaining beyond 15+83, 93
Transport91, 109
Transvaal, Province of290
Trigonometry215
Typewriting112, 113, 114, 118
Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes150, 152
United States of America37
Universities, Departments of Agriculture in129
University examining bodies150, 152
University Training Departments127
Upper (or Higher) Tops53
Urban Districts - see Borough and Urban Districts
Urban schools43
Vacation courses129-30, 245
Vaud, Canton - see Switzerland
Victoria, State of292
Visiting teachers123
Vocational education, definition of120
Vocational instruction
    Committee's views upon67, 88, 101
    employers' views upon115, 120
    historical data4
    in Day Technical Classes66
Voluntary bodies - see Dual control
Voluntary schools - see Non-provided schools
Warwickshire59
Wattie, Dr JM38
Wesleyan Schools7
Woodwork117, 232
World history200
Yeoman School at York5
Yorkshire (West Riding)64, 277
Zürich, Canton - see Switzerland

Appendix V