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Hadow (1924)

(page numbers in brackets)

Notes on the text
Preliminary pages (i-xii)
Preface, Contents, Membership, Analysis, Introduction
Chapter I (1-61)
History of development of psychological tests
Chapter II (62-107)
Summary of evidence
Chapter III (108-145)
Possible applications, conclusions and recommendations
Appendix I (146-149)
List of witnesses
Appendix II (149-164)
Recent experiments
Appendix III (164-183)
Use of tests in foreign countries
Appendix IV (183-185)
Standardisation and norms (Cyril Burt)
Appendix V (185-189)
Correlation in mental testing (Cyril Burt)
Appendix VI (190-191)
Grades in US schools (AE Twentyman)
Appendix VII (191-199)
Recent publications
Appendix VIII (199-225)
Examples of tests
Appendix IX (225-238)
General, special and group abilities
Index (239-248)

The Hadow Report (1924)
Psychological tests of educable capacity and their possible use in the public system of education

London: HM Stationery Office

[page 239]

INDEX

PAGE
Absurdities - specimens of17, 216
Acton and Chiswick Junior Technical School - use of individual tests at159
Aesthesiometer - use of in testing for touch discrimination7, 101
Algebra - tests in46
Altona - see Germany
America, United States of
    Army - use of tests in36, 50, 179
    specimens of tests used in Army210
    Binet-Simon Scale, revisions of30
    Boston Vocation Bureau, work of48
    schools, note on grades in190
    use of tests in (general)26, 37, 178
    performance tests42
    standardised scholastic tests44, 45
    vocational tests48, 182
Amsterdam - see Holland
Analogies
    specimens of16, 208
    use of88
Anatomical stigmata - see Physical tests
Anderson, Miss GM - use of individual and group tests by157
Application of tests - training of persons who apply tests105, 139
Apprentice Schools - vocational selection for52
Aquinas, St Thomas - definition of 'intelligence'68
Aristotle - on distinction between 'general' and 'special' intelligence15
Arithmetic - tests in45, 46, 88, 220
Association tests - use of88
Attention - use of tests of131, 144
Austria - use of tests in164
Ayres, Dr LP
    scale of tests in handwriting by45
    spelling by45
Ballard, Dr PB
    absurdity tests by17
    arithmetic tests by46
    specimens of Chelsea tests by215
    use of tests by158
    see also Chelsea tests
Baltimore - see America
Barcelona - see Spain
'Batteries'207
Belgium - use of tests in51, 165
Berlin - see Germany
Berne - see Switzerland
Bertillon, Monsieur - determination of 'physical' constants by23
Bibliography - list of recent publications in psychology and psychological tests191

[page 240]

Binet, Dr A
    correlational methods by13
    'intelligence' - conception of69
    tests by - for measuring re-action time10
    standardised scholastic tests45
    of temperament and character55, 56, 93
    of touch discrimination7
    see also Binet-Simon Scale
Binet-Simon Scale
    examples of200
    history of22
    limitations of40, 76, 142
    list of works on193
    measurement of intelligence by27
    merits and disadvantages of78
revisions of:
    by Goddard30
    the London Revision32
    the Stanford Revision31, 77, 84
    the Terman Extension84
    the Treves Saffiotti Method33
    the Vineland Revision30
    the Yerkes Point Scale30, 83
use of:
    for blind and deaf children78
    Junior Scholarships78
    mentally deficient children23, 78, 82
    super-normal children78
Bingham, Dr WV - testing in American army by51
Birmingham - use of tests in the administration of justice54
Blackpool - use of group tests for junior scholarship purposes at38, 149
Blind children - use of tests for78
Bordeaux - see France
Boston - see America
Bourdon, Monsieur - use of tests of vision by8
Bradford - use of group tests for Junior Scholarship purposes at37, 152
Breslau - see Germany
Bristol University - use of tests at the Department of Education of39
Brno (Brünn) - see Czechoslovakia
Brown, Dr W
    views on 'general' ability225
    physical tests101
Brugmans, Dr - use of tests by173
Brussels - see Belgium
Buckingham, Dr BR - tests in spelling by45
Burt, Dr Cyril
    bibliography by191
    correlation, note on185
    development of psychological tests - historical sketch of1
    examples of tests selected by199
    London Revision of Binet-Simon scale by32, 203
    'intelligence,' views on15, 70, 226
    investigations at Oxford and Liverpool15
    norms of performance, views on96, 183
    physical tests, views on102
    standardised scholastic tests, views on96, 183
Canal boat children - mental testing of by Mr Hugh Gordon40
Cancellation tests - description of8

[page 241]

Cattell, Prof - researches of5
    tests of temperament and character by55
Central Committee - see Clearing house
Central Schools
    use of tests for admission to78, 111, 141
    use of tests in127, 142
Character
    importance of73
    tests of53, 93, 132, 144
    list of works on197
Charlottenburg - see Germany
Chelsea Tests
    description of17, 46
    specimens of215
    use of158
    see also Ballard, Dr PB
Cheltenham, Pate's Grammar School - use of group tests at38, 160
Chemistry - tests in46
Chicago - see America
China - use of tests in165
Christiania - see Norway
Cipher Test - specimens of216
Civil Service Examinations - use of group tests in39
Clearing House - necessity for106, 135, 144
Cleveland (Ohio) - see America
Coaching - advantages and disadvantages of special preparation for tests103
Clock Tests - inclusion of in the Vineland Revision30
Code tests - inclusion of in the Vineland Revision30
Collective tests - see group tests
Completion tests
    invention of25
    specimens of209
    use of88
Composition - tests in46
Construction of tests to be entrusted to trained psychologist105, 136
Copenhagen - see Denmark
Corberi, Professor - use of tests by174
Correlation
    degree of between tests and other examinations38, 39
    explanation of13, 185
Courtis, Professor SA - Arithmetic Tests by46
Cube Construction Test - specimen of206
Cube Imitation Test - specimen of206
Czechoslovakia - use of tests in166
Deaf children - use of tests for78
Defective children - see Mental deficiency
Delinquent children - testing of53, 54, 199
Denmark - use of tests in166
Denver - see America
de Sanctis, Professor Taute
    construction of tests by34
    use of tests by86, 173, 174
Diagonal test - description of206
Differential Psychology - origin of1
Dobson, Mr RR - use of tests at Cheltenham Grammar School by38, 160
Drawing - tests in46
Dressmaking - vocational tests in223

[page 242]

Drever, Dr James
    views on 'general' ability227
    views on standardised scholastic tests97
Drummond, Dr WB - use of de Sanctis Tests by35
Ebbinghaus, Dr H - use of the Kombinations-Methode (Completion Method) Tests25, 88
Edgell, Dr Beatrice - views on 'general' ability and 'special' or 'group' abilities228
Elementary Schools
    use of group tests in19, 125, 142
    use of individual tests in125
    use of standardised scholastic tests in130
    use of vocational tests in130
Emotion
    connection between emotion and general educable capacity95
    testing of54, 55
Environment - effect of on 'intelligence'75, 138
Examinations
    aims of109
    classification of various kinds of109
    connection of tests with ordinary examinations108, 140
    defects of63, 65, 115
    First and Second School Examinations111, 138
    Free Place Examinations108, 113, 118, 141
    objections to any scheme of examination which determines educational future of any child at 11 years of age108, 138
    oral examinations120, 132, 141, 160
    stereotyped44
Finland - use of tests in167
Fontégne, Prof. J - use of vocational tests by168
France
    use of tests in25, 45, 167
    use of standardised scholastic tests in45
    use of vocational tests in167
Free Place Examinations - see Scholarships
Gall - system of phrenology by2
Galton, Sir Francis - researches into mental testing5, 7, 20, 55, 56
Galvanometer - use of57
Gemelli, Professor - use of tests by174
General ability
    Burt's verification of the theory of15
    Spearman's theory of14, 225
    various hypotheses regarding68, 225
    see also Intelligence
General factor - see Intellect
Geneva - see Switzerland
Geography - tests in46
Germany - use of tests in25, 51, 168
Gilbert, Professor - use of tests by7, 8, 10
Gypsy children - testing of by Mr Hugh Gordon40
Goddard, Dr HH - revision of Binet-Simon Scale by30
Gordon, Mr Hugh - mental testing of gypsy and canal boat children40
Gothenburg - see Sweden
Green, the late Professor JA
    investigation into standardised scholastic tests by46
    views on the nature of 'intelligence'229
Groningen - see Holland

[page 243]

Group tests of intelligence
    comparative merits and disadvantages of, as compared with individual tests90
    specimens of207
    training of those engaged in the administration of105
    use of (general)19, 35, 37, 87, 138, 141, 142
    at Rugby School35, 162
    for adults39
    in American Army36, 50, 179
    at Blackpool38, 149
    at Bradford37, 152
    in Civil Service Examinations39
    in Free Place and Junior Scholarship Examinations37, 38, 114, 118, 119, 126, 141, 149
    in Leicestershire152
    in London157
    in Northumberland38, 153
    in Yorkshire, West Riding153
Halle - see Germany
Hamburg - see Germany
Handwriting
    Ayres' scale for45
    Thorndike's scale for45
Harvard university - see America
Healy puzzle test - description of206
Hearing, tests of - see Sensory tests
Helsingfors - see Finland
History - tests in46
Holland
    use of tests in173
    use of vocational tests in51, 173
Ikin, Dr AE - use of group tests and standardised scholastic tests by38, 149
Individual Psychology - origin of1
Individual tests
    the Binet-Simon Scale22, 143
    comparative merits and disadvantages of as compared with group tests90
    place of in interviews92
    specimens of200
    training of those engaged in their administration105, 139
    use of in Free Place Examinations152, 157
    use of in schools159, 189
Industrial Fatigue Research Board
    experiments in performance tests by 43
    experiments in vocational tests by51
Intellect - existence of intellectual factors19, 225
Intelligence
    meaning of as used by psychologists67, 137, 225
    see also General ability
Interpretation of results of tests - training of those interpreting results105, 134, 136
Interviews
    place of individual tests in92
    use of manual tests in93
    list of works on198
    see also Oral examinations
Isaacs, Mrs SS - views on the connection between emotion and general educable capacity95
Italy
    use of the doctrine of anatomical stigmata by the Italian School of Criminology2
    use of tests in173

[page 244]

Japan - use of tests in174
Jones, Dr Caradoc - physical tests by102
Jung, Dr CG - Psychoanalysis by56
Junior Technical Schools - use of tests in127, 142, 159
Kalamazoo - see America
Kelley, Mr FJ - tests in reading by46
Kraepelin, Dr - researches of13
Latin - tests in46
Lavater - ideas of on physiogonomy2
Leicestershire - use of tests in examinations for free places in152
Lewis, Dr EO - views of on 'general' ability and 'special' and 'group' abilities232
Linguistic tests - limitations of40
Lombroso, Cesare - work of on anatomical stigmata3
London
    use of group tests at Mile End Central School159
    use of individual and group tests at the Ben Jonson Council School, Stepney157
    use of performance tests in42
    use of standardised scholastic tests in47
    use of tests at:
    Bedford College39
    London Day Training College39
    University College39
London Revision of Binet-Simon Scale
    description of32
    specimens of203
Luxemburg - use of tests in174
McDougall's plunger - use of101
Manchester - use of physical tests at102
Manual tests
    use of in interviews93
    use of in vocational testing98, 130
    list of works on196
Marking results of tests - training of persons to mark results105
Memory
    specimens of tests of218
    use of tests of131, 144
Mental age
    constancy of65, 85
    construction of a scale of by Binet27
Mental deficiency
    diagnosis of by means of Binet-Simon scale28, 82
    use of tests for determining41, 126, 134, 139, 140, 178, 198
Mental imagery
    Galton's researches into20
    use of tests of131
Milan - see Italy
Mixed relations test - see Analogies
Modena - see Italy
Morality - tests of58
Motor tests
    correlation between intelligence and speed of re-action time10, 16
    measurement of re-action time10
    use of9, 18
Müller, Mr EK - discovery of psycho-galvanic re-action by56
Mumford, Dr A - physical tests by102
Munroe, Mr WS - tests of reading by46
Münsterberg, Professor Hugo - experiments in vocational selection by49
Muscio, Professor B - views on 'general' ability233
Muscle sense - see Sensory tests

[page 245]

Nantes - see France
National Institute of Industrial Psychology
    aims of51
    vocational tests by221
    work of51
National Intelligence Scale
    use of in America36
    use of at Blackpool38
    use of in Northumberland154
Neurotic children - testing of53
New Haven - see America
New Rochelle - see America
Norms of performance
    necessity of96
    note on by Dr Cyril Burt183
Norsworthy, Dr Naomi - tests of temperament and character by55
Northumberland - use of tests for Junior Scholarships in38, 153
Northumberland Tests
    use of for Junior Scholarships38, 153
    examples of214
    see also Thomson, Professor Godfrey H
Norway - use of tests in174
Nunn, Professor Percy
    views of on norms of performance97
    views of on theory of tests233
Oakland (California) - see America
Oehrn Dr - use of tests of visual discrimination by8
Opposites - examples of207
Oral examinations
    further research desirable141
    importance of120, 132, 141
    list of works on198
    use of intelligence tests in120, 160
    use of in Free Place Examinations121
    see also Interviews
Orientation tests - specimens of217
Oswego (New York) - see America
Otis Group Tests
    use of in America36
    use of in Blackpool38
Paris - see France
Parsons, Mr Frank - experiments in vocational tests by48
Passiac (New Jersey) - see America
Paterson and Pintner - collection of performance tests by41, 206
Pearson, Professor Karl - researches into the value of cranial stigmata3
Perception - use of tests of131, 144
Performance tests
    specimens of205
    use of40, 41, 42, 66, 159
    list of works on196
Philadelphia - see America
Phrenology - see Physical tests
Physical tests
    anatomical stigmata2
    correlation of with mental tests101
    definition of100
    Gall's system of phrenology2
    Lavater's ideas on physiognomy2
    origin of2
    use of100, 131, 144
    value of101
Physics - tests in46
Physiognomy - see Physical tests

[page 246]

Pintner and Paterson - collection of performance tests by41, 206
Pitch discrimination - use of tests of9
Pittsburgh - see America
Pizzoli, Professor Ugo - use of tests by173
Porteus Maze Tests - use of41
Practical tests - see Manual tests and Performance tests
Prague - see Czechoslovakia
Psychoanalysis - use of56
Psycho-galvanic re-action - discovery of by Mr EK Miller56
Psychology
    list of works on (general)191
    list of works on (educational)192
Range of information tests - use of88
Re-action time - see Motor tests
Reading
    specimens of tests of219
    use of tests of45, 46, 89
Reasoning tests
    researches of Mr WH Winch18
    specimens of17, 204
    see also Absurdities, Analogies, Syllogisms
Retarded children - use of tests for126
Rice, Dr JM - investigation upon spelling44
Richardson, Mr CA
    views on 'general' ability and 'special' or 'group' abilities235
    use of tests by154
Rochester (New York) - see America
Rome - see Italy
Rugby School - use of tests at38, 162
Saffiotti, Professor U - modification of Binet-Simon Scale by33
Scholarships
    improvement in the technique of Free Place Examinations113
    objections to the limitation of the number of Free Places108
    shortcomings of the present examinations for Free Places115
    use of tests for Free Place and Junior Scholarship Examinations37, 38, 78, 114, 118, 119, 126, 141, 149
    use of oral examinations for121
Scholastic tests - see Standardised scholastic tests
School Medical Officers - use of tests by133, 135, 139, 140
Schuyten, Dr - use of tests of touch discrimination7
Scott, Colonel WD - testing in American Army by51
Seashore - views on correlation between pitch and discrimination and intelligence9
Secondary Schools
    increase in accommodation necessary109
    use of group tests for entrance to38, 111, 141
    group tests for Junior Scholarships to37, 38, 111, 141, 149
    standardised scholastic tests in130
    tests in (general)127, 142, 160
    vocational tests in130
Seguin, Monsieur Edouard - form-board devised by41
Sensory tests
    correlation between mental ability and sensory discrimination7, 8, 9, 16
    use of6, 7, 8, 18, 101
Shanghai - see China
Shorthand - vocational tests in221
Silesia - see Germany
Simon, Dr TH - see Binet, Dr A and also Binet-Simon scale

[page 247]

Simplex tests
    use of for Junior Scholarships purposes at Blackpool38
    use of, for Junior Scholarships purposes in Northumberland154
Spain - use of tests in51, 175
Spearman, Professor CE
    conception of 'intelligence' by70, 234
    distinction of special capacities by19
    investigation into correlational methods13, 14
    theory of general ability14, 225
    use of auditory tests by9
    simple sensory tests by7
    visual tests by8
Special factors - see Intellect
Specific abilities
    distinction of19
    specimens of tests of217
Spelling
    graded exercises in45
    investigations upon44
    specimens of tests in220
Spielman, Miss Winifred - tests for dressmakers' apprentices by223
Standardisation of tests by Binet28
    note on by Dr Cyril Burt183
    to be entrusted to experts136
    views of witnesses on96
Standardised Scholastic Tests
    connection of with ordinary examinations141
    history of43
    list of works on194
    specimens of219
    use of by teachers106, 133, 140
    use of in:
    America44, 45, 129
    Elementary Schools130, 152
    England46, 129, 140, 151
    France45
    Secondary Schools130
    views of witnesses on96
Stanford revision of the Binet-Simon Scale
    description of31
    merits and defects of84
Statistical method
    application of to education71, 83, 90, 114, 119, 125, 136
    see also Norms of performance and Standardisation of tests
Stern, Dr William - conception of 'intelligence' by70
Strasbourg - see France
Stuttgart - see Germany
Sweden - use of tests in176
Switzerland - vocational testing in51
Syllogisms - specimen of17
Tagg, Mr Max - use of individual tests by159
Tapping Tests - use of10, 101
Taylor, Mr FW - experiments in vocational selection by49
Teachers
    use of tests by105, 106, 133, 140
    training of teachers to administer tests105, 133, 138, 139
Temperament
    tests of53, 93, 132, 144
    list of works on197
Terman, Professor LM
    revision of Binet-Simon Scale by31, 84
    use of tests by154
    use of Terman Group Tests:
    at Blackpool38
    in America36
    in London158

[page 248]

Thomson, Professor Godfrey H
    conception of 'intelligence' by70, 226, 234, 236
    use of tests by153
    see also Northumberland tests
Thorndike, Professor EL
    researches of5, 11, 45, 46, 50
    theory of regarding 'intelligence'69, 234
Tibbey, Mr JG - use of group tests by159
Tokyo - see Japan
Tomlinson, Mr TP - use of group tests by155
Touch, tests of - see Sensory tests
Trade Schools - vocational selection for52
Treves, Professor Z - modification of Binet-Simon Scale by33
Treves-Saffiotti Method - description of33
Triangle Test - specimen of206
Twentyman, Mr AE - Note on Grades in American Schools by190
Typists - vocational tests for shorthand-typists221
United States of America - see America
Vaney, Monsieur V - standardised scholastic tests by45
Vaughan, Mr WW - use of group tests at Rugby School by38, 162
Vienna - see Austria
Vineland revision of Binet-Simon scale - see Binet-Simon scale
Vision, tests of - see Sensory tests
Vocabulary tests
    specimens of219
    use of88
Vocational tests
    administration of, and interpretation of results of106
    aims of47
    history of47
    necessity of testing for 'general' ability in99
    specimens of221
    use of50, 98, 100, 130, 143, 159, 164
    use of performance tests in42, 159
    use of physical tests in101
    views of witnesses on99
    list of works on197
Wagner, Dr - use of tests of touch discrimination by7
Washington - see America
Watts, Mr Frank
    views on 'general' ability, and 'special' and 'group' abilities237
    test of character and morality, experiments in58
Whipple, Professor JM - use of tests of pitch discrimination by9
Whitley, Dr Mary - statement as to the use of tests in America179
Winch, Mr WH
    researches of18, 46
    views on 'general' ability238
Wissler, Professor - researches of12
Woodworth, Professor RS - researches of12
Yerkes point scale
    description of30
    merits and defects of83
Yorkshire - use of group tests in elementary schools in the West Riding155
Zürich - see Switzerland

Appendix IX